Pochopenie energetickej rovnováhy je kľúčové na pochopenie vedeckých poznatkov o obezite.3 Zmenená energetická rovnováha prispieva k patofyziológii obezity.3 U jedincov bez problémov s malabsorpciou sa uložená energia v tele zvyšuje len vtedy, ak celkový príjem energie (z konzumácie potravín/nápojov) prevyšuje celkový výdaj energie.3
Výdaj energie môže prebiehať prostredníctvom fyzickej aktivity, bazálneho metabolizmu a adaptívnej termogenézy.3 Telo má komplexné homeostatické mechanizmy, ktorými sa snaží odolávať úbytku alebo prírastku hmotnosti.3 Príliš zjednodušené názory spočiatku hovorili, že obezita je dôsledkom dostupnosti potravy a vedomého konania.3 Na energetickej nerovnováhe sa však podieľa viacero molekulárnych dráh, ktoré prispievajú k obezite. Patrí k nim vplyv centrálneho nervového systému na správanie (napr. jedenie a fyzickú aktivitu) a tiež pôsobenie neuroendokrinného systému, ktorý kontroluje vylučovanie hormónov, ako sú leptín, inzulín, estrogén, rastové hormóny a hormóny štítnej žľazy.3
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